Introduction
Chronic poverty refers to a persistent state of poverty in which individuals or groups remain deprived for long periods, often across generations. Different theoretical approaches explain the causes of chronic poverty. Among them, the Capability Deprivation Approach of Amartya Sen and the Social Capital Deprivation Approach provide important insights into understanding why poverty persists.
Main Body
Capability Deprivation Approach
- Poverty is viewed as a deprivation of basic capabilities rather than merely low income.
- Focuses on people’s freedom and ability to achieve valued ways of living.
- Emphasizes access to education, healthcare, nutrition, and opportunities.
- Example: A person may have income but remain poor if lack of education prevents meaningful employment.
Social Capital Deprivation Approach
- Poverty results from weak social networks, lack of trust, and limited community support.
- Emphasizes social relationships as resources for improving life chances.
- Focuses on bonding, bridging, and linking social capital.
- Example: A poor farmer lacking connections to banks, cooperatives, or government officials may remain trapped in poverty despite having skills.
Comparison
| Basis | Capability Deprivation | Social Capital Deprivation |
|---|---|---|
| Thinker | Amartya Sen | Pierre Bourdieu, Robert Putnam |
| Focus | Individual capabilities and freedoms | Social networks and relationships |
| Cause of Poverty | Lack of opportunities and capabilities | Weak social connections and support systems |
| Unit of Analysis | Individual | Community and social groups |
| Solution | Improve education, health, and opportunities | Strengthen networks, trust, and social participation |
| Example | Illiteracy limiting employment opportunities | Absence of community support restricting access to resources |
Relevance for Understanding Chronic Poverty
- Capability deprivation explains why poverty persists due to inadequate human development.
- Social capital deprivation explains exclusion from networks that provide opportunities and support.
- Together, they offer a multidimensional understanding of chronic poverty.
Conclusion
While the Capability Deprivation Approach highlights the absence of essential freedoms and opportunities, the Social Capital Deprivation Approach emphasizes exclusion from beneficial social networks. Both approaches complement each other and provide a comprehensive framework for understanding and addressing chronic poverty in contemporary societies.
